SQL Server 2014 - Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation

Hello,

We have just upgraded a virtual server from Windows Server 2008 R2 to Windows Server 2012 R2.

Now when I try to start SQL Server Management Studio, I get the error: Exception has been thrown by the target of an invocation

A quick Google gave a lot of ideas for e.g. the Environment Variable %path% being too long and  “FIPS-compliant algorithms” being enabled, but that does not seem to be the issue here.

Does anyone have any ideas?